Bacteria And Disinfectants

 Bacteria and Savlon

Aim: I want to investigate how the different concentration of Savlon can effect the growth and reproduction of Bacteria.

Hypothesis: I believe that the higher concentration of savlon the more effect it will have on the reproduction and growth of bacteria.

Fair test: 

-Which variable will be changed? The concentration of the Savlon

-How will the independent variable be changed? By adding water to the solution 

-Give a suitable range of values for this variable? There was 4 different values for the variable. for quadrant 1 there was 0% Savlon and 100% water. For quadrant 2 there was a dilution of 1/10. For quadrant 3 there was a dilution of 1/100, and finally for quadrant for there was a dilution of 1/1000.

-Which variable will have to be measured or observed in order to get some data or information from the investigation? The inhibition zone/ clear zone

-How will the independent variable be measured or observed? The variable will be measured by the diameter of the clear zone in mm.

Other variables that need to be controlled to make your results more accurate

Other variables	Describe how this variable will be controlled or kept the same
Temperature	Storing the agar plate in the same room meaning the bacteria can grow in the same heat.
Bacteria	Making sure to use the same type of yoghurt on each plate
The size of the disc	Using the same cut hole punch to ensure the discs are the same size

How will you ensure that your results are reliable?
We will ensure that our results are reliable by doing this experiment 3 times, and get an average result.

Equiptment:

1. Vivid

2. Agar plate

3. Savlon

4. Cotton bud

5. Yoghurt

6. Savlon

7. Water

8. Hole punch

9. Filter paper the

Method:

1. Using a vivid you need to draw two lines on the agar plate which splits it into four even areas.

2. We then get a cotton bud and dip it into the beaker of yogurt and then spread it evenly on the agar plate, and then shut the lid to ensure that the plate stays sterile. 

3. Using a plastic pipette you want to create your dilutions.
-1 drop of Savlon to 9 drops of water (1/10 dilution)                      
-1 drop of mixture above to 9 drops of water (1/100 dilution)  
-1 drop of mixture above to 9 drops of water (1/1000 dilution)

4. Each dilution is placed in a spot of the spotting tray

5. Get filter paper and cut out 4 small holes with a hole punch

6. Dip the tweezers in the jar of Ethanol to sterilize them and pass through the flame of the Bunsen Burner.
-With this step make sure the lid of the Ethanol jar is closed at all times apart from when you are dipping in the tweezers.

7. With tweezers pick up each hole punched piece of filter paper and dip it in each concentration of savlon.
- 1. The control/Neutral-water
- 2. 1/10 dilution
- 3. 1/100 dilution
- 4. 1/1000 dilution

8. Place the disc on a paper towel to remove excess savlon solution.

9. Place each disc in the center of the quadrant.

10. Once all discs are placed on the agar plate then shut the lid and sellotape it shut.
                 

11. Get your  agar plate, and store in a warm place overnight.

12. Repeat this process with 3 agar plates to ensure and even result.

Change in method: We changed step 2 of the method. Instead of using a cotton bud to apply the yogurt on to the agar plate we decided to water the yogurt down and pour a thin layer onto the agar plate and swish it around until the plate was completely covered. We changed this step to decrease the chances of contamination.

Data

	Concentration of the savlon	The clear zone (mm)		Average diameter
		Plate 1	Plate 2
Concentration 1	Control	0 mm	0 mm	0 mm
Concentration 2	10%	13 mm	20 mm	16.5 mm
Concentration 3	1%	9 mm	10 mm	9.5 mm
Concentration 4	0.1%	5 mm	6mm	5.5 mm

Diameter of Clear Zone Around Different Concentration Of Savlon.

Conclusion: In conclusion my hypothesis was correct. The higher concentration of savlon had a bigger effect on the growth and reproduction of Bacteria. After looking at the graph we can see that there is an increase in the trend line with an increase in the concentration of Savlon. There is a larger diameter around the disc where there there is a higher concentration of the savlon which is how we can see the effects on the growth and reproduction.

Discussion and evaluation of the method and data:

Savlon is an antiseptic used to help infections and clean wounds, cuts, burns, grazes and stings. The active ingredient in Savlon is Cetrimide C₁₉H₄₂BrN and Chlorhexidine C₂₂H₃₀Cl₂N₁₀. When cetrimide comes in contact with bacteria it inhibits the bacteria within 15 seconds. Both Cetrimide  and chlorhexidine kills bacteria because they have a positive charged molecule and bacteria has a negative phospholipids in the cell wall. This would be considered active transport. Active transport is when there is a movement of molecules across the cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This causes a rupture in the cell wall leading to the chlorhexidine fluid to leak into the inside of the cell and attacks the cytoplasmic membrane which leads to the death of the bacteria. Bacteria is a single cellular micro-organism. On the outside it has a layer called a capsule, it works as defence against immune systems. The inner layer is called a well wall, this is a strong layer that protects and provides shape of the cell. Next we have the cell membrane which is a flexible barrier that works as a control of what enters and exits the cell. Inside the cell we have the cytoplasm which holds all the cell organelles such as a nucleotide which is the genetic information of the cell, we also have two small circular pieces of DNA which codes for essential processes of the bacteria called plasmids, and ribosomes which is the location of protein synthesis in the cell structure of bacteria. On the outside of the cell we have many pili's which works as a bridge to connect to other bacterias and allow them to grow. We also have a flagellum which is the tail of that cell that aids the cell in movement. Bacteria replicate asexually, this means they are genetically identical to each other, although they can still mutate.  Bacteria also replicate using Binary Fission. Binary fission is when a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. With this form of reproduction bacteria then start to form colonies which contains thousands of bacteria. We clearly could start to see the bacteria on the agar plate when the colonies had formed. Bacteria has many phases it goes through when it comes to growth. The first phase is the lag phase, this is when the bacteria is initially placed in the culture they begin to take the nutrients and synthesise their RNA. Phase 2 is the exponential phase, this is the phase when there is a huge spike in bacteria reproduction. Phase 3 is the stationary phase when the bacteria growth and death rate are equal due to a reduction of nutrients. The last phase, phase 4 is the death phase which is when there is a drop of numbers of bacteria due to the bacteria dying from lack of nutrients. With the Cetrimide and Chlorhexidine in the Savlon on the discs they would have killed the bacteria and stopped the growth in a particular area which we would consider the clear zone, or the zone of inhibition. MRS GREN is an acronym that is used to remember the life process of living organisms. It stands for Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition. Bacteria mainly use growth and reproduction.

Evaluation:

Overall our experiment i would say was not reliable. I believe this is because only two out of three of our agar plates had reliable data.We were unable to measure the diameter around the discs on plate three, this is how it was unreliable, so we chose not include plate three's data in our graph. We also chose to change step 2 of our method to lower the risk of contamination. We poured a thin amount watered down yogurt on the agar plate instead of swabbing yogurt onto it with a cotton bud. If we were to do this experiment again i would chose a different range of variables making the concentration of savlon higher so there would be a larger clear zone to measure.  The bacteria in the yogurt we used was Streptococcus thermophilus and lactobacillus bulgaricus. Streptococcus thermophilus is a probiotic strain of bacteria. It is used to break down sugar in milk. Lactobacillus bulgaricus is one of the healthy bacteria, which works to keep the pH scale lower in the gastrointestinal tract so that bad bacteria can not take a hold and colonize. For our experiment we used nutrient agar which is a general purpose medium that contains 0.5% peptone, 0.3%yeast extract, 1.5% agar, 0.5% sodium chloride and water. For our experiment the agar plates were kept in an incubator at a temperature of 25 degrees celsius. If the incubator was set at a higher temperature the bacteria would get a chance to grow more rapidly.

Bibliography

http://www.wired.co.uk/article/whats-inside-savlon-antiseptic-cream

http://chlorhexidinefacts.com/mechanism-of-action.html

https://nootriment.com/lactobacillus-bulgaricus-streptococcus-thermophilus/

Reading Log #6

Reading log #6
Title: The Strange Case Of Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde

Text type: Novella
Author: Robert Louis Stevenson

The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson is a Gothic Novella which was published in 1886. The main characters are Dr Henry Jekyll and and Mr Edward Hyde. These two characters are infact the same people. Dr Jekyll is seen as a well respected man of the Victorian society. He struggled with his inner demons, and some type of guilt. He decided to create a potion that separates his good self from his bad self. The name he gave to his bad self was Mr Edward Hyde. Now Mr Edward Hyde is described as having a "Strong feeling of deformity", and has no guilt what so ever for any of his actions.

This Novella amazed me with the strong message it conveyed about the 'Duality of human nature'. Stevenson showed us this with the two characters Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. He believed that "man is not truly one, but truly two". I think that this quote means that we all have two sides to us a good side and a bad side. Some of us struggle to hide our bad side so we resort to using other options to contain our true self, just like how Dr Jekyll resorted to using a potion to separate his to personalities . This makes annoyed and upset that we feel like we have to do this because if we are seen as anything other than what is up to  'society's standards' we are frowned upon.

Jekyll believes that 'Both sides of me were in good earnst", this was him explaining how good and evil exists equally in himself. Eventually Hyde took control over Jekyll. Dr Jekyll states that " This brief condescension to evil finally destroyed the balance of my soul". I believe that this is Stevenson again trying to convey the message that good and evil exist in all of us but our true self will always over power the other.  Hyde eventually over powers the little good that was left in Jekyll and could then no longer control when he transformed into Hyde.This shows us that Jekyll although he came across to be your "well respected upstanding man of the Victorian society' his true personality is the complete opposite, or in other words the personality of Hyde. This shocks me because it shows that although one can come across so pleasant and polite they really could be your worst nightmare. With Hyde constantly taking over Dr Jekyll it lead him to kill himself. "  Here, then, as i lay down the pen, and proceed to seal up my confession i bring the life that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end". I believe that we never know how much one is suffering by just looking at them. Just like Dr Jekyll no one could see that he was getting driven to madness that would be the leading cause of his death.

Reading Log #5

Reading Log #5
Title: If i stay
Text type: Novel
Author/Director: Gayle Forman

If i stay is a young adult novel by Gayle Forman published in 2009. It is about a young 17 year old Mia Hall who plays the Cello. She is in a battle  between perusing her dreams at Julliard or stay with the love of her life Adam. This all changes in a flash when her and her entire family are in a car crash which results in her Parents and Brothers death. Mia was put in a coma and and had outer body experience. Throughout the book Mia was given the choice to stay alive or to let go, which was the biggest struggle.

I was amazed in Mia's determination to keep fighting for her life when all she wanted was for it all to just stop. " I want it all to be over". But Mia chose the choice to keep fighting even though her parents and brother's lives had been taken, Mia then felt lost and alone, as if she didn't belong in this world anymore. This upsetted me because Mia is a unique individual, and no one should ever feel like they do not belong. " I'm not sure this is a world i belong in anymore. I'm not sure that i want to wake up. If i stay. If i live. Its up to me". This made me feel emotionally torn because the easiest option would be for Mia to just let go, but in the end she made the harder choice to stay. " i realize now that dying is easy. Living is hard".

The book also tells us a very important life lesson. When Mia's father says " Sometimes you make choices in life and sometimes choices make you". I think that this quote means that you can make choices but the choices that you make is what shapes your life from then onward.

After the traumatizing experience that Mia went through it has built her up to become a stronger person. " I have a feeling that once you live through something like this, you become a little bit invincible." This makes me feel a sense of relief and happiness because although Mia has had it rough she still came out on the brighter side and is still fighting for her dreams.

Reading Log #4

Reading Log #4
Title: Mocking Jay
Text Type: Novel
Author/ Director: Suzanne Collins

Mocking Jay is the last novel from the Hunger Games Trilogy written by Suzanne Collins and published in 2010. Following the quarter quell Katniss wakes up with a deep breath in the complex beneath District 13. District 12 has been blown up only left with the rubble of her district. Her "star crossed lover" Peeta Mellark has been brainwashed by President Snow. She then becomes aware of the rebellion spreading across Panem against president snow. Katniss then agrees to become the face of the rebellion using the symbol of the Mocking Jay.

An important idea of this book is the price of War. This is seen throughout the trilogy. Panem is still suffering from the war. Because of this all 12 districts live in poverty while the capital thrives and holds an annual hunger games to prevent another uprising. In mocking Jay the setting is in the midst of war in District 13. Katniss agrees to be the "Mocking Jay" which is the face of the rebellion against President Snow. There is no official Hunger games in Mocking Jay but Katniss plays a role as if she is fighting for survival like she did in the games just with different rules, and President Snow is a tribute.

Now that Katniss has stood up to the capital, they start to gain their merciless tactics against there oppressors. This is seen when Gale, Katniss's best fiend designed bombs for the Hospital which killed Prim. I particularly felt Katniss's pain when Prim dies.  This is because Prim is a main character in the book, also throughout the trilogy Prim has been Katniss's hope since she took her place in the arena, and when prim died Katniss's hope for the future died with her. " You will never forget the face of the person who was your last hope". The quote "She was too young, too gentle, and i couldn't save her. I'm sorry" was said to Rue's family in district 11. I think that when Prim died Katniss felt like she had failed two little girls because "She couldn't save them". This plays with our heartstrings because they again were "To young, and too gentle.".

Even though Gale is loyal to Katniss he will do whatever it takes to destroy the capital and get revenge for bombing district twelve. This shows us how powerful war can be and how it can change someone from a person who wants to save everyone to someone who destroys everything. Katniss is then given the choice to hold another hunger games, except with the capitals children, she agrees. Peeta then reminds her that the games is what rebellion is fought against. War changes who a person is. "It costs your life" says Caesar. "Oh no it costs a lot more than your life. To murder innocent people?" says Peeta. "It costs everything you are".  In my opinion Peeta's quote highlights the reality of war, that even the winning side pays a price. But then no one really wins at all as the things you do is just as bad as the enemy.

Reading Log #3

Reading log #3
Title: Ode to sleep
Text type: Song Lyrics
Artist: Twenty one pilots

The song “Ode to Sleep”  is a deep and meaningful song that masterfully bends the rules music with combinations of electronic, indie rock and rap. Tyler Joseph portrays a struggle between voices of darkness and trying to overcome this darkness.The alternation of light and dark tones of the instrumentals representing the night and day. The verses are a reflection of nights where one's thoughts can be more pessimistic and filled with doubt. Then once the chorus hits with a more buoyant tune representing the day where Tyler tries to fight the demons in which are haunting him.

The theme of the song “Ode to Sleep” takes a self-destructive path toward hopelessness and giving up. Some lyrics also seem to indicated that he may be struggling with guilt over his hypocritical thoughts and actions that betray his faith and beliefs. Tyler contemplates on the failure of living his life the way he wants to, and pleads for answers as he continues to fight off the darkness pulling him down and telling him to give up. Tyler is upset as he knows he’s not living in the freedom that is meant for him, and asks “is this living free?”

One of the lyrics that really stands out to me is "I'll stay awake 'cause the dark's not taking prisoners tonight." This phrase can be interpreted in many ways, but I see it as choosing to stay alive and not allowing your doubts to take your life. To stay awake against your struggles and not being “asleep” to the evil in the world. Tyler then writes about the voices of the demons that were speaking "crazy words" into his brain, telling him he "was gone” that his life is hopeless, and he might as well give up. He invokes the demons on why they continue to torment him, as he believes that he has no significance to God and that his life will not threaten the plans of the enemy. He clearly states that his testimony for God is absent because he is afraid to tell others who he adores. “I'm afraid to tell you who I adore, won't tell you who I'm singing towards,
Metaphorically I'm a whore, and that's denial number four.”

The demons lies make Tyler believe that he is insignificant to this world, which is part of the struggle he is fighting against. The lyrics "I will set my soul on fire" portrays that he is so deep in the darkness of his thoughts that he wishes to destroy his life. In all this deception and denial of faith he asks "what have I become?" Even though Tyler's beautifully written lyrics have a deep spiritual meaning, they can be interpreted in many different ways, making it engaging to anyone struggling with their lives. I really enjoy listening to the honesty of the lyrics that deal with his real problems which are relatable to so many, and are not really talked about enough in everyday life.

Reading log #2

Reading Log#2
Title: The fault in our stars
Text type: Novel
Director/Author: John Green

The fault in our starts by John Green, published in 2014. It is a book about two star crossed lovers Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters. Hazel was diagnosed with lung cancer at a young age, and Augustus was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, which is a rare form of bone cancer. They both share the same wit and love for books. Augustus and Hazel both share the same favorite book " An imperial affliction" by Peter Van Houghten. Although Hazel was advised not to go to Amsterdam due to her heath, both herself and Augustus embark on an adventure to Amsterdam to meet the Author of this book.

This book is very sad due to the fact it is based around cancer and death. But the love story is what makes it thoroughly enjoyable. John Green uses many metaphors in the book. One particular one that stood out to me was when Hazel was talking to her mum and said "I'm like. Like a grenade and at some point i'm going to blow up and i would like to minimize the casualties okay?" When she talks about "blowing up" she is referring to her death, and when she talks about casualties she is talking about the people who will be hurt by her death. This makes me feel sympathy for Hazel because she feels like she has to isolate herself from others so they don't get hurt when the cancer takes over.  She says that "I can't be a normal teenager, because i'm a grenade." She thinks that pushing Augustus away is the only way not to hurt him and to keep him safe.
This makes me upset to read because Hazel did not asked to be diagnosed with cancer, she should get to live a normal life like most other teenagers and be able to live her life without being connected to a machine to help her breathe.

The use of the metaphor about the grenade is also seen when Gus plays this video game. His character on the game saves a school by getting his by a grenade. He then says "People don't chose who they hurt, they choose who hurts them". This made me realize that we chose to put ourselves in a position where we can potentially get hurt but its okay to be willing to for the right reason. This is like Gus choosing to be Hazels friend even though there is the risk of her dying.

Another part of that book that shocked me was that throughout the whole book we though that Hazel would be the one to lose the fight first. In the end of the book this was not the case. Augustus was the first to die from Osteosarcoma. This left Hazel heartbroken. At Augustus's funereal Hazel wrote a euology. “My name is Hazel. Augustus Waters was the great star-crossed love of my life. Ours was an epic love story, and I won't be able to get more than a sentence into it without disappearing into a puddle of tears. Gus knew. Gus knows. I will not tell you our love story, because-like all real love stories-it will die with us, as it should. I'd hoped that he'd be eulogizing me, because there's no one I'd rather have.......... I can't talk about our love story, so I will talk about math. I am not a mathematician, but I know this: There are infinite numbers between 0 and 1. There's .1 and .12 and .112 and infinite collection of others. Of course, there is a Bigger infinite set of numbers between 0 and 2, or between 0 and a million. Some infinities are bigger than other infinities. A writer we used to like taught us that. There are days, many of them, when I resent the size of my unbounded set. I want more numbers than I'm likely to get, and God, I want more numbers for Augustus Waters than he got. But, Gus, my love, I cannot tell you how thankful I am for our little infinity. I wouldn't trade it for the world. You gave me a forever within the numbered days, and I'm grateful.” This euology made me feel her pain, and left me heartbroken with her. Augustus was the love of her life, and gave her a "little infinity"  with the little time she had left.

In conclusion The fault in our stars by John Green is a must read. It portrays a number of important ideas and ways to cope and help through life. There are more people out there who are willing to support you, but you just need to let them in and allow it. This will help you feel better within yourself. I would recommend this book for Teens and Adults.

Reading log #1

Reading Log#1
Title: Thirteen Reasons Why
Text type: Novel
Director/Author: Jay Asher

Thirteen  Reasons Why, written by Jay Asher is a young adult novel published in 2007. It is a story about a boy Clay Jensen who receives a mysterious package that is left on his porch. Inside is seven double sided cassette tapes containing the thirteen reasons why classmate and crush Hannah Baker committed suicide two weeks prior. If Clay listens to the tapes he will find out why he is one of them.

This book it made me think again about the people around me and what they may be going through but we are all unaware of it. " You don't know what goes on in anyone's life but your own".  While reading it i became aware of even the smallest actions can have such a massive impact on someone else's life. "If only we could see the endless string of consequences that result from our smallest actions. But we can't know better until our better is useless". In this novel Zach removes anonymous notes from Hannah's "Bag of encouragement". When she speaks about it in Zach's tape she says "Maybe it didn't seem like a big deal to you, Zach. But now i hope you understand. My world was collapsing. I needed them notes". This also shows us that each different person can be effected due to someone else's actions.

Something that this book taught me was that we need to do things in the moment and not wait until its too late. We see this happen in the book when Clay didn't tell Hannah about his feelings for her. The regret of his mistake started to eat him up inside. We can see Clay is regretful when he says to Tony " I liked her for so long from far away, but i never had the chance to tell her".  But this situation also showed me that this is just human nature, that we try to avoid things or put them on hold because of the fear we will get hurt or rejected. This isn't necessarily a good thing. This creates a negative head space for us because we are building up our emotions.

I would recommend this book to Teens and Adults. It conveys many strong messages throughout the book, and makes us question the way we treat others and how we could be effecting someones life negatively. It also makes me us second think that we don't know what anyone else is going through in their life, because their life is not our lives.

Acid and Base Reaction

How to make salt using Metals, Insoluble Bases and Insoluble Carbonates

Aim: To produce copper sulfate salts by reacting copper oxide with an acid.

Equiptment:

• Copper oxide powder
• Dilute (0.5 mol L-1) Sulfuric acid
• 50 mL measuring cylinder
• Two 100 mL beakers
• Bunsen Burner
• Tripod
• Gauze mat
• Funnel
• Filter paper
• Thermometer
• Spatula
• Evaporating basin
• Stirring rod

Method

1. Add 20 mL of Sulfuric acid to a 100 mL beaker. Heat the acid until it reaches 70.C . Turn off your Bunsen burner. Do not boil the acid.
2. Once heated, use a spatula to add pea-sized portions of copper oxide to the mixture. Stir for 30 seconds.
3. Repeat step 2 until no more will dissolve. Allow beaker to cool.
4. Fold the filter paper and place it in the funnel. Place the funnel into the second beaker.
5. Make sure the beaker is cool enough to hold at the top. The contents should still be hot. You may need your teacher to complete this step.
6. Gently swirl the contents of the beaker to a mix, and then pour into the filter paper in the funnel. Allow to filter through.
7. Rinse the beaker you used to mix the beaker previously, and place it back on top of the tripod filled with 50-60 mL of water.
8. Place the evaporating basin on top of this beaker and carefully pour some of the solution from the other beaker into the evaporating basin.
9. Gently heat the beaker until the solution in the evaporating basin has reduced by half.
10. Leave the evaporating basin to cool. Once cool, move the evaporating basin to a warm place where it will not be disturbed (e.g. a window-sill) and observe over the next few days.

Language features

Like black mirrors those eyes seemed to reflect memories of a haunted past.
Simile- Used to help the reader imagine what something is like. For example in the quoted text above they use a simile to show what the persons eyes were like.
Emotive Language- Used to evoke a particular emotional reaction from the reader, this is shown in the exctract above when said " those eyes seemed to refect memories of a haunted past." this is showing that the person has had a rough past.

A cloud, small, serene, floated across the moon.
Metaphor- A figure of speech used to emphasise an aspect of the thing described. For example the author described how the cloud looked, "small, serene" showing the delicacy of it, also saying how            the cloud "floated across the moon" again refering to the delicate movements.

The sun peeked out from behind a cloud and a light drizzle fell.
Personification- A non living thing or object given a human characteristic. Personification is used in this sentence by saying "The sun peeked out from behind the cloud". This comparing the sun to a little kid.

His mournful eyes reflected the memories of a distant battlefield.
Metaphor- A figure of speech used to emphasise an aspect of the thing described. This is used to convey the message that he was in the war, and his memories of his time serving weren't good.
Emotive Language-Used to evoke a particular emotional reaction from the reader,

The cane hit the concrete like a rhythm of sad echoing heartbeats.
Simile- Used to help the reader imaging what something is like. In the sentence the simile is used to show that the hitting of the cane against the concrete is like a rhythm of echoing heartbeats.

It was too much to bear just like the memories are to much to endure.

Song Lyrics

Ed Sheeran-Grade8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajNOOwkwdF8

KEY
Metaphor
Simile

My mind is a warrior,
My heart is a foreigner,
My eyes are the color of red like the sunset,
I'll never keep it bottled up,
Left to the hands of the coroner,
Be a true heart not a follower,
We're not done yet now,
I see it in your movements tonight,
If we can ever do this right,
I'm never gonna let you down,
Oh I'll never let you down,
Now keep it on the down low
And I'll keep you around so I'll know,
That I'll never let you down,
I'll never let you down.

You're strumming on my heart strings
Like you were a grade eight but I never felt this way,
I'll pick your feet up off of the ground
And never ever let you down,
You're strumming on my heart strings
Like you were a grade eight but I never felt this way,
I'll pick your feet up off of the ground
And never ever let you down

My eyes are a river filler,
This drink is a liver killer,
My chest is a pillow for my weary head to lay to rest again,
Your body is my ballpoint pen

And your mind is my new best friend,
Your eyes are my mirror to take me to the edge again,
Now I see it in your movements tonight,
If we should ever do this right,
I'm never gonna let you down,
Oh I'll never let you down,
We'll keep it on the down low
And I'll keep you around so I'll know,
That I'll never let you down,
I'll never let you down

You're strumming on my heart strings
Like you were a grade eight but I never felt this way,
I'll pick your feet up off of the ground
And never ever let you down

You're strumming on my heart strings
Like you were a grade eight but I never felt this way,
I'll pick your feet up off of the ground
And never ever let you down

Hold my heart to stop me bleeding now, now, now,
And I'll never let you down
Hold my heart to stop me bleeding now, now, now,
And I'll never let you down
Hold my heart to stop me bleeding now, now, now,
And I'll never let you down
Hold my heart to stop me bleeding now, now, now,
And I'll never let you down

You're strumming on my heart strings
Like you were a grade eight but I never felt this way,
I'll pick your feet up off of the ground
And never ever let you down

You're strumming on my heart strings
Like you were a grade eight but I never felt this way,
I'll pick your feet up off of the ground
And never ever let you down

Experiment 3-Effects of the surface area on reaction rate

Aim: To make simple observations during a reaction between calcium carbonate chips and powder with hydrochloric acid.

Equipment: 

• Boiling tube
•  calcium carbonate chips and powder
•  hydrochloric acid
• measuring cylinder
• spatula

Method:
1. Measure 2mL of hydrochloric acid and pour this into your boiling tube.
2.  Holding your boiling tube over a sink or heatproof may, add a pea-sized amount of calcium carbonate powder to your boiling tube, record your observations below.

Observations of powered calcium carbonate- When the pea-sized amount of calcium carbonate was added to 2mL of hydrochloric acid it fixed for a few seconds then the reaction stopped.

3. Repeat the experiment, but this time use a chip of calcium carbonate that is roughly the same size as the spatula powder you used previously. Record your observations below.

Observations of calcium carbonate chip- When the chip of calcium carbonate was added to 2mL of hydrochloric acid it fixed for a long time.

Conclusion: In conclusion we found that calcium carbonate chips reacted for a longer time than the calcium carbonate powder because the chip needed more time to be broken down while the powder had already been broken down.

Experiment 1-Rates of Reaction

Experiment 1: Investigating the effect of temperature on reaction rate:

Aim:I want to investigate how temperature affects the reaction rate.

Equipment

• Conical flask
• Beaker
• Measuring cylinder
• Stopwatch
• Waterbath
• Black cross on paper “X”
• Thermometer
• 0.1mol/L Sodium Thiosulfate
• 2.0mol/L Hydrochloric acid

Method
Put the “X” paper on the bench mat, and put the conical mask on top of the paper.
Measure 50mL tolL of Sodium Thiosulfate solution and put it in the beaker.
Record the temperature of Sodium Thiosulfate.
Measure 50mL of HCL and pour this into the conical flask
Pour the sodium Thiosulfate into the conical flask, start the stopwatch and swirl the flask. Time how long it takes for the cross to disappear when viewed from above (I.e. look down the mouth of the conical flask).
Wash out the flask
Repeat the experiment, using a water bath to heat the sodium Thiosulfate To 30°C, then 40°C and finally 50°C. Keep the volume of acid the same each time.

Results:
The temperature of the Sodium Thiosulfate was 19°C.
It took 21 seconds for the "X" to disappear once we added the hydrochloric acid to the sodium Thiosulfate.

When we heated the sodium Thiosulfate to 30°C and added the hydrochloric acid, it took 11.24 seconds for the black "X" to disappear.

When we heated the sodium Thiosulfate to 40°C and added the hydrochloric acid it took 5.30 seconds for the black "X" to disappear.

When we heated the sodium Thiosulfate to 50°C and added the hydrochloric acid it took 3.90 seconds for the black "X" to disappear.